Negative effects of deepfakes. Stress and anxiety around AI clone misuse .
Negative effects of deepfakes The adverse effects of deepfakes are becoming apparent; however, less is known about what affects individuals’ credibility judgments concerning Moreover, deepfakes have a legitimate potential to create commercial opportunities, distinguishing them further from other forms of deception such as fake reviews or opinion spam that only produce adverse effects (Johnson and Diakopoulos, 2021, Kietzmann et al. He says they decrease the amount of true information available, Some identified challenges are fake news, bullying, defamation, media manipulation and democracy damage. ” Deepfakes are hyper-realistic synthetic images and videos created using AI software that convincingly replace the individual in the original video or image with the likeness of another person (Harris, 2015). The results suggest that the number of the source's followers and the video’s popularity are positively associated with perceived credibility, and high-definition deepfakes are more efficient at deceiving viewers. 13 Frederick Dauer, Law Enforcement in the Era of Deepfakes, Police Chief Online (June 29, 2022), https://www The danger that deepfakes bring will become much more significant in the future – at the latest in 2019 – as the machine learning methods used will be further optimized and the realization of deep fakes will no longer be a time and cost consuming challenge. Currently, deepfakes look good enough to fool the average viewer, and they are only going to get better and more convincing. The victim would face the often negative repercussions of having a taboo action exposed without ever having actually done it. ,This paper adds new insights to the scarce research on deepfakes and financial crime by investigating the causes and consequences of the unethical and illicit use of deepfakes. Real-Life Consequences of Deepfake Misuse. In doing so, exaggerated fears about possible effects of deep fake technology in the context of Besides many negative impacts some of the optimistic usages of this technology can be reflected in fields of art, education, industry where making digital voices for people who lost theirs or updating film footage instead of reshooting it if actors trip over their lines. Not only has this technology created confusion, skepticism, and the spread of misinformation, deepfakes also pose a threat Alarmist voices draw attention to certain dangerous phenomena, but they may also foster false belief that an “information apocalypse” is already occurring (Habgood-Coote 2023), thus contributing to the increasingly negative psychological effects of deep fake technology. Moreover, deepfakes can be used to create fake audio or video recordings of individuals, which can be used to blackmail or extort them. textual messages and the effect of deepfakes. , hyper-realistic These measures reflect growing global commitments to curbing the pernicious effects of deepfakes. The enormous potential of deepfakes to deceive viewers, harm subjects, and challenge the For years, the U. These days sophisticated CGI and VFX technologies are used in movies to generate synthetic media for telling a captivating story. For this reason, talbotypes initiated the emancipation of GAN deepfakes cause a feeling of perplexity and As the 2024 election cycle heats up, deepfakes have surged, raising significant concerns about their impact on political campaigns and voter trust. Close search. In this study, we have constructed a political More than merely detecting DeepFakes is required to combat the negative impacts of DeepFakes. Deepfakes and the Ethics of Generative AI. The term “deepfake” is derived from the combination of “deep Unmasking Deepfakes A Review of Technology, Regulation, Challenges and Policy Implications, 2024. Many deepfakes concentrate on public figures, political elites, and business executives because their real photos and videos flood the internet, which is used to develop the extensive image Deepfakes are digital media - video, audio, and images edited and manipulated using Artificial Intelligence. There has nevertheless been extensive deepfakes, they may begin to distrust all political videos. Definition of deepfake Among the 79 articles, 61 provided a definition of the term “deepfake. . Deepfake technology allows for seamless face-swapping, enabling filmmakers and visual effects artists to bring characters to life in previously There is a need for university students to be sensitized about the positive and negative effects of deepfakes. , 2021) and a decrease in news trust (Ahmed, 2021a; Vaccari & Chadwick, 2020). Yet, others have argued that the unrelenting focus on the negative aspects of deepfakes reflects a techno-paranoia that is devoid of nuance. that the ndings comprise more of constraints than of aordances, where the serious negative aspect of deepfakes can lead to psychological, nancial and social harm. Stress and anxiety around AI clone misuse This study aims to establish a comprehensive understanding of the intricacies of how individuals engage with deepfakes, focusing on limiting adverse effects and capitalizing on their benefits. Unmasking deepfakes: exploring techniques for detection and verification. but educating individuals and trusting content delivered by authentic and reputable sources would give good Contemporary psychological warfare has a number of instruments, including deepfakes, in which the human image is synthesized, based on AI algorithms. It recommends pragmatic ways to train forensic experts and to create awareness among members of the public for detecting deepfakes, hence curbing their negative effects. It makes deepfakes have more impact. We thus find evidence of a sizeable gender divide in user access to the novel deepfake technology. Exposing a DeepFake is only the first step in the investigation, and we need more information about the origin, means, and There are several potential negative psychological effects of AI clones, especially when AI clones are stolen, manipulated, or fraudulently misused. On the negative side, it could be used to spread false information or to manipulate public opinion by creating fake videos of people saying or doing things that they never actually said or did. , 2021), marketers while emotional value is destroyed if deepfakes evoke negative emotions (e. Aronow Abstract. Deepfakes are a big threat to election integrity. In countries across South Asia, candidates used artificial intelligence to flood the public with The negative effects of deepfakes and misinformation are far-reaching and can have a significant impact on individuals, businesses, and society as a whole. Many images and videos in news media have already been manipulated during the last decades, but deepfakes can take this to a new and more problematic level where the overall trust might disappear. In the linear mixed model analysis, significant effects of Negative Emotion (b = 0. Challenges. Yet, over-emphasising the power of deepfakes risks occluding frictions, struggles, and logics that already Our findings indicate that the main risks to firms include damage to image, reputation, and trustworthiness and the rapid obsolescence of existing technologies. For example, Broinowski [22, p. Half of the world’s population are voting in 70 countries this blurring, cropped effects or pixilation (small box-like shapes), particularly around the mouth, eyes and neck ; skin inconsistency or discoloration ; A holistic approach is needed to counter the negative impacts of deepfakes. There have been several instances in which deep fakes have alarmed These are only a few suggestions; the point is that technical experts should help develop ways to counteract the negative effects of deepfakes for individuals who may be targeted. If deepfakes cause society to move away from the current “seeing is believing” paradigm for video footage, that shift may negatively impact individuals whose stories society is already less It is inevitable that with every new and beneficial technology, some of its adverse effects will follow, causing world problems. , 2021), even when the viewer recognises the media is faked (Vaccari & Chadwick, 2020). One such tool is revenge porn, and even that legislation may not be strong enough to deter the negative impact of AI and deepfakes. These findings underscore the need for increased awareness regarding the detrimental effects of health deepfakes in particular and the urgent importance of further elucidating individual variations to It is crucial to be cautious and critical of online content to mitigate the negative effects of deepfakes on reputation. Moreover, deepfakes have a legitimate potential to create commercial opportunities, distinguishing them further from other forms of deception such as fake reviews or opinion spam that only produce adverse effects (Johnson and Diakopoulos, 2021, Kietzmann et al. and around the world, policymakers, tech platforms and governments are trying to Oftentimes misused to deceive and conduct social engineering attacks, deepfakes erode trust in digital technology and increasingly pose a threat to businesses. Being aware of the different kinds of AI deepfakes, and how they might be used to trick you, is Indeed, research has shown that political deepfakes can increase negative views of a politician (Dobber et al. Effects on Democracy and Public Opinion In democratic societies, the integrity of public discourse is foundational. They can be used to change public views and sway voters. This study extended the current state of knowledge by directly analyzing the perceived misinformation due to deepfakes and assesses the regulation of deepfakes in Kenya to curb the misinformation. One Second, while exposure to harmful deepfakes was relatively low, awareness of and fears about deepfakes were high (and women were significantly more likely to report The following reviews the consequences of deepfakes in both the social sphere and people’s private lives and suggests potential interventions to reduce these negative consequences Advances in Deep Learning (DL), Big Data and image processing have facilitated online disinformation spreading through Deepfakes. The effects, while impressive, are more comical than sinister but feasibly could confuse some This Face-swapping technology got the greater attention from the unethical people from our society for creating Deepfakes. She then deepfake images of the three victims to the team’s coaches. So, let’s dive deeper into the challenges deepfakes pose to According to a study by Hancock and Bailenson , one of the major negative effects of this technology: the undermining of public trust in media. Secondly, The negative consequences of deepfakes extend beyond individuals, impacting society as a whole, particularly during sensitive times like elections, where trust can be undermined. These AI-generated videos, which can convincingly alter the appearance, voice, or actions of political figures, have become a powerful tool for misinformation. , 2020, Malbon, 2013). The adverse effects of deepfakes are becoming apparent; however, less is known about what affects individuals’ credibility judgments concerning The creation of the scenario and effect was accomplished using CGI and different techniques with millions of dollars. Advances in machine learning have made possible “deepfakes,” such videos have minimal effects. Therefore, the positive and negative predictive powers of Combining two words, “deep learning” technology and “fake,” deepfakes are defined as “hyper-realistic videos digitally manipulated to depict people saying and doing things that never actually happe Skip to Main Content. 122] argued that “dystopian predictions about deepfakes side-step their socially enriching capacity to inspire, transform, and engage, and instead position the technology as harmful by However, deepfakes also have negative implications, including personality and revenge pornography, as well as efforts to manipulate politically and non-politically. It is time to understand the possible effects deepfakes might have on people, and how psychological and media theories apply. The median costs of this type of fraud can be high. The Uncanny Valley: How Deepfakes Affect Human Perception. Visual messages are more persuasive than textual messages because they offer Powered by the latest technological advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning, deepfakes offer automated procedures to create fake content that is harder and harder for human 2. This study focused on the effect of media literacy on detecting fake news in both video and text messages. Deepfakes are fake images, videos or voice recordings. But then deepfakes can be - and are - abused. , 2018). Since the invention of photography in the 19th century, visual media have enjoyed a high level of trust by the general public, and unlike audio recordings, photos and videos have seen a widespread use as evidence in court cases (Meskin and Cohen, 2008), and it is widely accepted that visual media are a particularly effective propaganda tool (Winkler and There are several potential negative psychological effects of AI clones, especially when AI clones are stolen, manipulated, or fraudulently misused. The direct effect of deepfakes is just the first layer that needs to be considered, while the real danger is the distrust on organizations, processes, and people that are induced. One approach to combating deepfakes and misinformation is through the development of advanced Fake news, often referred to as junk news or pseudo-news, is a form of yellow journalism or propaganda created with the purpose of distributing deliberate disinformation or false news using One way to try to limit the negative effects of fake news and false information in a society is media literacy. Given the "malicious" nature of deepfakes, we expect that accusing a video of being a deepfake would have a stronger negative effect on the video's credibility than accusing it of The adverse effects of deepfakes are becoming apparent; however, less is known about what affects individuals' credibility judgments concerning deepfakes. Stress and anxiety around AI clone misuse Unmasking Deepfakes A Review of Technology, Regulation, Challenges and Policy Implications, 2024. One of the most well-known innovations, deepfake, has many ethical concerns with both positive and The security implications of deepfakes are therefore threefold: at the international level, strategic deepfakes have the potential to destabilize precarious peace; at the national level, deepfakes may be used as a tool to unduly influence elections, the political process, or discredit opposition, which is a national security concern, especially if foreign powers are involved in the creation and Due to the potential harm that deepfakes could cause on areas such as security, stability, media credibility, and the reputation of public figures (Cover, 2022), insights into the psychological mechanisms of responses to them would help to develop strategies to counteract the negative effects, complementing studies on automated and human detection methods. All you need is a Deepfakes, for example, can be used to create fake identification documents, making it easier for cybercriminals to impersonate individuals or gain access to secure systems. For the two cases identified, the estimated losses amounted to US$243,000 and US$35,000,000, respectively. Experts Lastly, since deepfakes often look slightly unrealistic, they may have an uncanny valley effect that viewers may find off-putting. M. Credibility of visual vs. ” There is, how-ever, no universally accepted definition and studies The security implications of deepfakes are therefore threefold: at the international level, strategic deepfakes have the potential to destabilize precarious peace; at the national level, deepfakes may be used as a tool to unduly influence elections, the political process, or discredit opposition, which is a national security concern, especially if foreign powers are involved in the creation and The results suggest that raising people’s awareness about the negative consequences of deepfakes does not increase participants’ detection accuracy compared to a control group whose awareness Deepfakes were also shown to have a particularly potent effect on increasing misperceptions among individuals with high (illusory) accuracy motivations. KEYWORDS: Deepfakes; digital divide; AI divide; gender; digital skills; Users often associate deepfakes with misinformation and fear the The Rise of Political Deepfakes. Introduction. In the wrong hands, deepfakes can wreak havoc. Contrary to intuitive predictions, they demonstrated positive effects of viewing oneself within a deepfake, and provide mechanisms for how deepfakes influence self perception. Triggering negative emotions such as fear, disgust, or anger; Finally, a series of randomized interventions reveal that brief but specific informational treatments about deepfakes only sometimes attenuate deepfakes' effects and in relatively small scale. However, the misuse of deepfakes poses significant risks. We present a theoretical framework that is based on two-systems models of Even if you don’t know what a deepfake is, you’ve probably encountered them. Using deepfake technology, people have Social media creates an echo chamber effect. Businesses need to understand the benefits of using deepfakes, especially in marketing. Deepfakes are highly realistic, albeit fake, audiovisual contents created with AI. This is With deepfakes, an ex-boyfriend can easily put an ex-girlfriend’s image on the face of a porn actor to then spread it around in their respective social groups. But the use of deepfakes also has a negative side. What Are the Dangers of Deepfakes? The ability to create deepfakes has evolved rapidly, which brings both opportunities and threats. Deepfakes have the potential to replace high-end CGI, which would save millions of dollars and countless hours of processing time in filmmaking. For example, video deepfakes can be created using tools freely available on the internet. To raise awareness of deepfakes and online disinformation and encourage political parties to work together to prevent deepfakes from impacting the 2019 UK election, advocacy group Future Advocacy created and disseminated a video in which candidates Boris Johnson and Jeremy Corbyn endorsed each other Footnote 126. Specifically, a plausible deepfake with content manipulation closer to the targeted politician's views may not strongly delegitimize the political actor – as the actor is not associated with incongruent political views. Many deepfakes concentrate on public figures, political elites, and business executives because their real photos and videos flood the internet, which is used to develop the extensive image that the ndings comprise more of constraints than of aordances, where the serious negative aspect of deepfakes can lead to psychological, nancial and social harm. The While age plays only a minor role, female gender strongly relates to low knowledge and negative attitudes towards deepfakes. The main argument is that deepfake technology and deepfakes are morally It is regularly claimed that they have the potential to introduce novel modes of societal disruption, violence, and harm. In a 2018 California Law Review paper, legal Politics. Technical experts should develop and evaluate verification strategies, methods, and interfaces. This special issue was inspired by a visit to the University of Washington in 2018, when Matt Seitz and his colleagues had just published the algorithms that enabled their now famous Obama video, in which a few hours of simple audio However, now that deepfake technology is more readily available, the public are starting to use it for varying reasons, some being relatively harmless like comedy, but others being just as concerning as the criminal acts. With artificial intelligence-based methods for creating deepfakes becoming increasingly sophisticated and accessible, deepfakes are raising a set of challenging policy, technology, and legal issues. , 2022). More on Artificial Intelligence What Is Here, we define the delegitimizing impact of disinformation as the effect of content manipulation on negative evaluations of the targeted political actor. The Big Dangers of AI Deepfakes A host of AI video generators already exist, alongside plenty of AI voice generators. The rise of AI and deepfake technology has marked the start of an era of concern and uncertainty regarding the authenticity of digital content. Stress and anxiety around AI clone misuse The report suggests that as deepfakes become more sophisticated and prolific, both detection and authentication methods will need to be used in tandem to be completely effective and combat the Deepfakes without consent create a threat to psychology security, political stability, and business disruption. Browse; Search. For this reason, talbotypes initiated the emancipation of GAN deepfakes cause a feeling of perplexity and Deepfakes can be used in positive or negative ways. However, there is more to deepfakes than just negative The median costs of this type of fraud can be high. It may tion has fixated on the use of deepfakes in influ-ence operations and propaganda campaigns, the technology is likely to be used far more widely, including in targeted military and intel- The negative effects of deepfakes and misinformation are far-reaching and can have a significant impact on individuals, businesses, and society as a whole. One of the most well-known innovations, deepfake, has many ethical concerns with both positive and Background: “DeepFakes” are synthetic performances created by AI, using neural networks to exchange faces in images and modify voices. However, the negative effects cannot be overlooked hence the necessity of educating university female students to be careful on what information they consume online. , 2021; Hameleers et al. Other than deepfake pornography, we have not seen any consequential deepfake incidents yet. Objective: Due to the novelty and limited literature on its risks/benefits, this paper aims to determine how young nursing students perceive DeepFake technology, its ethical implications, and its potential benefits in nursing. 001), Deepfakes are a concerning artificial intelligence ethical issue since image and video forgeries can take “fake news” to new levels of believability. Our work includes the following: The median costs of this type of fraud can be high. The technology can be used to create counterfeit interviews and speeches that misrepresent politicians, resulting in misinformation and the propagation of deceptive narratives. Security Risks AI-generated content, such as deepfakes The results suggest that the number of the source's followers and the video’s popularity are positively associated with perceived credibility, and high-definition deepfakes are more efficient at deceiving viewers. It worsens divisions and undermines norms. show positive results in an demanding for ordinary users—the current widespread of DeepFakes results from the “democratization” of powerful generative AI technologies. However, these efforts are insufficient to contain, let alone stop, the proliferation of deepfake The Negative Consequences of Informing Voters such videos have minimal effects. Deepfakes are often associated with negative implications and concerns about their potential misuse. This study paves the way for others to study the In addition, corrective labels might provide another way of countering potential negative effects, as they reduced people’s intention to share (Ahmed, 2021a; Lee and Shin, The question is, will all these efforts to counter disinformation through deepfakes be as timely and wide-ranging as necessary? Will they reduce all or most of the negative implications of deceptive deepfakes—spreading Yet, as we see today, the negative impact of deepfakes goes far beyond banks and fintech companies. However, people have employed deepfakes maliciously for purposes that include the following: No one is exempt from the negative effects and that includes students, educators, CEOs and Deepfakes are being investigated for their use in anonymising participants of video-based group therapy; creating custom avatars of physicians or teachers that are more compelling for viewers; or The adverse effects of deepfakes are becoming apparent; however, less is known about what affects individuals' credibility judgments concerning deepfakes. Our findings demonstrate a dampening effect on perceptual, emotional, and evaluative But beyond entertaining social media users and tricking unsuspecting pop singers, deepfakes can also pose a serious threat. The impacts of such misuse can be financial, psychological and reputational. But deepfakes are not all bad. we contend that addressing the adverse effects of deepfakes necessitates vital One of our shoutiest moral panics these days is the fear that artificial intelligence-enabled deepfakes will degrade democracy. Deepfakes can spread false or Despite these concerns, however, we know very little about the effects of deepfakes compared to textual disinformation and authentic speeches (but see, for example, Although recent empirical studies have begun to examine the effects of deepfakes on the political landscapes (Dobber et al. Deepfake technology allows for seamless face-swapping, enabling filmmakers and visual effects artists to bring characters to life in previously Previous studies have empirically found the negative social influences of deepfakes, such as negative attitudes towards deepfake videos and targets (Dobber et al. Deepfakes are created to inflict Deepfakes can undermine public trust and manipulate public opinion in politics . Generative AI technologies, like those used to clone David Attenborough's voice, raise ethical concerns about identity representation, consent, and the growing threat of deepfakes. One of the most publicized negative uses of deepfakes is the practice of pasting the likenesses of celebrities onto the bodies of adult film actors to create deepfake celebrity pornography, as To mitigate the negative effects of deepfakes in marketing communication, companies can adopt a multi-faceted strategy that combines technological, educational, and regulatory measures. One way to try to Although it is not functioning anymore, we can also highlight the impact and negative discourse brought by deepfake application DeepNude, which removes clothing from Deepfakes actually represent a subset of the general category of “synthetic media” or “synthetic content. A “deepfake” is fabricated hyper-realistic digital media, including video, image, and audio content. The threat to civil society is that, left unchecked, entire The Negative Consequences of Informing Voters such videos have minimal effects. government has funded research to detect and interdict deepfakes to combat foreign disinformation campaigns. This entails severe threats including As AI-generated deepfakes are being used to spread false information in elections in the U. One approach to combating deepfakes and misinformation is through the development of advanced “The term understandably has a negative connotation, but there are a number of potentially beneficial use cases for businesses, specifically applications in marketing and advertising that are already being utilized by well-known brands," Ajder said. Researchers and developers must prioritize the ethical implications of AI technologies to avoid negative societal impacts. In addition to deepfake creation, there are methods for deepfake detection, one example of a well-known system is Sensity, which recognises AI-manipulated media and synthesis techniques such as AI-created faces incorporated into social media profiles, and realistic video face swaps. They’re already convincing. On the positive side, it could be used to create more realistic visual effects in movies or to generate realistic simulations for training purposes. However, people have employed deepfakes maliciously for purposes that include the following: No one is exempt from the negative effects and that includes students, educators, CEOs and Applications and Misuse of Deepfakes. That’s why a growing number of people in this space are instead using the term “artificial intelligence The Negative Consequences of Informing Voters about Deepfakes: Evidence from Two Survey Experiments John Ternovski, Joshua Kalla, P. The two primary threats are against civil society (spreading disinformation to manipulate opinion towards a desired effect, such as a particular election outcome); and against individuals or companies to obtain a financial return. ## Technological Solutions - **Deepfake Detection Tools**: Implementing advanced Deepfakes created in the form of image, audio and video by leveraging AI are far more realistic to identify if its being synthetically created by replacing someone else's voice or video. S. Deepfakes can democratize the costly VFX technology as a powerful tool for independent storytellers at a Additional research should consider (1) what effects deepfakes have on journalism, (2) how content labeling addresses concerns about deepfakes (and what types are most effective), (3) what international standards should be applied to content to confirm its authenticity and (4) how best to teach the public to identify synthetic media. 598, p = . For example, movies use them for special effects, and they can play an educational role in historical reenactments. Identity theft, in turn, can exacerbate the risks posed Online media and news have become even murkier in light of AI-generated images and videos, AI voice changers as well as deepfakes infiltrating political and social spheres. Media literacy plays a vital role in combating the negative effects of deepfakes and can be spread to the public through the following mediums : Educational Programs Public Awareness Campaigns To counteract the negative effects of deepfakes, political actions are being taken. Deepfakes are digital media - video, audio, and images edited and manipulated using Artificial Intelligence. These strategies aim to enhance detection, prevent misuse, and restore public trust in media content. However, it is essential to recognize that deepfakes also have the potential for positive societal impact in certain contexts. Article continues after this advertisement What are the future Because the potential negative effects of deepfakes could be greater in developing countries and under authoritarian regimes (Bateman, 2020; Gregory, 2021), there is need for more research in these specific contexts. Last month, The New York Times published an online test inviting readers to look at 10 images and try to identify which were real and which were generated by AI, demonstrating first-hand the Deepfakes are audio clips, video clips, or still images that are intentionally constructed to deceive an audience into believing something that may not be true. Deepfakes, or computer-generated images of people, can be dangerous for democracy, warn experts. Although forms of synthetic media have existed for a long time, modern technological advancements present several new challenges: Deepfakes have become an extremely easy to create. Psychological and Societal Effects 1. In March 2022, several media outlets reported that Meta and YouTube had detected and removed a deepfake video We argue that microtargeting techniques can amplify the effects of deepfakes, by enabling malicious political actors to tailor deepfakes to susceptibilities of the receiver. demanding for ordinary users—the current widespread of DeepFakes results from the “democratization” of powerful generative AI technologies. And 5. ,This study conducted a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies on deepfakes, incorporating study-specific analysis followed by a cross-study synthesis. But aside from the negative press deepfakes have been getting, there seem to be many reasons to be excited about this technology and its many positive applications as well. One of the most publicized negative uses of deepfakes is the practice of pasting the likenesses of celebrities onto the bodies of adult film actors to create deepfake celebrity pornography, as The term deepfakes refers to artificial intelligence- (AI-) generated digital content, usually a video, audio, or image, that has been manipulated using deep learning algorithms to alter, replace, or superimpose the original content with new content that appears to be authentic (Coccomini et al. The apparent use of deepfakes in political contexts is becoming seemingly notable and mundane. ,Based on the meta This chilling effect underscores the importance of addressing the misuse of deepfakes to safeguard the rights of all individuals to express themselves freely and engage in public life without fear of malicious manipulation or reprisal. These technologies make it easy to create realistic photos, videos, audio clips or replace the image of one figure with another in an existing picture or video. 3. Deepfakes are created to inflict It is time to understand the possible effects deepfakes might have on people, and how psychological and media theories apply. What parents can do to protect their Deepfakes, Misinformation, and Disinformation in the Era of Frontier AI, Generative AI, and Large AI Models Mohamed R. Generative AI has already had a clear impact on global politics. Keywords: Deepfakes, Misinformation, Infocalypse, Face Swaps, This paper delves into the background, development, and impact deepfakes may have on society and how to mitigate potential negative impacts and enhance positive impacts through a collaborative By examining both the effect of prior knowledge about deepfakes and the role of deepfake speech quality, our research reveals the importance of these factors, contributes to understanding human These measures reflect growing global commitments to curbing the pernicious effects of deepfakes. False negative refers to misidentifying a nuclear weapon as non-nuclear, and false positive is misidentifying a non-nuclear weapon as a nuclear one. Misuse of deepfakes can also cause harm to relationships, resulting in distrust, The mom allegedly created the deepfakes by ‘mapping the victims’ social media photos onto other images to make them look real. For instance, deepfake tech will enable entirely new types of content and democratise access to creation tools that have, until now, been either too expensive or too complicated to use for the average person. What was once confined to special movie effects has now become an everyday reality. Our study is an initial step to better Further to the devastating effects deepfakes can have on our democratic systems, this technology also poses a risk on an individual level. There are several potential negative psychological effects of AI clones, especially when AI clones are stolen, manipulated, or fraudulently misused. Deepfakes can be deployed as LM effects of deepfake dissemination, exploring how it can alter perceptions, influence public opinion, and erode deepfakes can spread makes it challenging to contain the dissemination of false B. Deepfakes in education On July 14, 2019, a 3-minute 36-second video titled “Keanu Reeves Stops A ROBBERY!” was released on YouTube visual effects (VFX) channel, Corridor. Deepfake technology has various legitimate applications, including in the film industry for creating realistic visual effects and in the field of medicine for simulating patient symptoms. Such videos and images also More than merely detecting DeepFakes is required to combat the negative impacts of DeepFakes. Barabanschikov and Marinova created dynamic face illusions using deepfakes, including the Thatcher effect (an illusion where features like the mouth and eyes Although deepfakes have a negative connotation in human-computer interaction (HCI) due to their risks, they also involve many opportunities, such as communicating user needs in the form of a Analysing gender and age effects, we find that men and younger people were more likely to report being exposed to deepfakes. Today, deepfakes are mostly used in pornography, inflicting emotional, reputational, and in some cases, violence towards the individual, mainly women. In 2022, 66% of Negative expressions induced typical emotion effects, whether considered real or fake. e. Scale: Any individual with access to a computer Deepfakes can create false or misleading information about a company, leading to changes in stock prices and decisions that benefit the creators of the deepfakes. A 2018 research revealed that false news spreads almost 10 times faster than real news (Vosoughi et al. To create a deepfake video, the developer first feeds Although deepfakes have a negative connotation in human-computer interaction (HCI) due to their risks, they also involve many opportunities, such as communicating user needs in the form of a . Fabricated videos show fraud or misconduct. The Ripple Effect. Indeed, literature has focused on the positive effects of deepfakes for actors such as advertisers (Campbell et al. , shame, guilt, anger). We conducted Most discussions on this topic highlight the negative aspects of deepfakes. These have become so convincing that an international financial worker was recently tricked into making a $25 million payment to a cybercriminal posing as a company executive during a falsified, live video call. and around the world, policymakers, tech platforms and governments are trying to Advances in machine learning have made possible “deepfakes,” or realistic, computer-generated videos of public figures saying something they have not actually said. This recent technolog ical exploitation has brought with it a host of practical and ethical concerns . We’ve gone from shaky, low-resolution Obama videos to photorealistic avatars like the Luke Skywalker character used in The Mandalorian. While altered or fake Governments, tech companies, and journalists are all grappling with how to mitigate the negative effects of deepfakes and ensure that information shared online is Interestingly, an interaction effect indicates that it is not easy for users to detect editing traces in relatively long videos (greater than 30 s). The next step in altering media, deepfakes are blurring the line between fiction and reality. Technical experts can and should play an active role. In 2020, c orporations and scholars alike have come to realize that deepfakes are a critical issue that must be addressed . Deepfakes can have serious real-life consequences, such as identity theft, leading to financial and reputational damage. Perpetrators of sexual abuse and exploitation have begun using AI technology to create “deepfakes. Therefore, it is crucial to combat these issues and develop strategies to address their harmful effects. Deepfakes may also contribute to worrying trends in our media, as well as in our social and democratic systems. is needed to recognize deepfakes. Developing effective deepfake detection We tend to believe and share information that is negative, novel, and surprising. A Scarcity of Empirical Research At the time of this writing, only a few studies have As illustrated in Figure 6, the analysis of the main effect shows that participants’ self-efficacy to detect deepfakes is significantly lower after the reveal (b = −0. 2 Despite this evidence from social scientis ts, news co verage of deepfakes continues to be Deepfakes and the Ethics of Generative AI. Technical experts must marshall their expertise—their under-standing of how deepfake technolo-gies work, their insights into how the technology can be further developed and used—and direct their efforts to find solutions that allow the beneficial Deepfakes, left unchecked, are set to become the cybercriminals’ next big weapon. 7% of respondents recall exposure to a selection of high profile political Deepfakes are being used to perpetuate financial frauds (Bateman, 2020) and violence against women (Kweilin, 2022). Adding Deepfakes are highly realistic, albeit fake, audiovisual contents created with AI. , 2021; Iacobucci et al. We conducted The adverse effects of deepfakes are becoming apparent; however, less is known about what affects individuals' credibility judgments concerning deepfakes. Deepfakes can be used in positive or negative ways. Deepfakes are convincing digital forgeries—manipulated or generated images, video, and Problem Statement Sophistication: Deepfake technology has advanced to the point of near indistinguishability between genuine and fabricated content. deepfakes were persuasive, but that their effects were comparable t o those of textual misinformation. In the past few years, artificial intelligence technology has crossed a threshold with the capability to make people look and sound like other people. However, the most widespread use so far has been the production of non-consensual pornographic videos, with negative impacts that overwhelmingly affect women. Deepfakes The adverse effects of deepfakes are becoming apparent; however, less is known about what affects individuals' credibility judgments concerning deepfakes. In the last decade, deepfakes have Moreover, I have suggested that the negative effects of deepfakes on the evidential power of video footage can be mitigated by responsible behavior on the part of Deepfakes are perceived as a powerful form of disinformation. As outlined in the chapter, deepfakes have many positive roles in our society. Request PDF | The Effect of Deepfake Video on News Credibility and Corrective Influence of Cost-Based Knowledge about Deepfakes | With rapid technical advancements, deepfakes-i. The effects, while impressive, are more comical than sinister but feasibly could confuse some Social media creates an echo chamber effect. This special issue was inspired by a visit to the University of Washington in 2018, when Matt Seitz and his colleagues had just published the algorithms that enabled their now famous Obama video, in which a few hours of simple audio Deepfakes, or computer-generated images of people, can be dangerous for democracy, warn experts. 5. However, these efforts are insufficient to contain, let alone stop, the proliferation of deepfake Specifically, let’s focus on the potential effects of AI deepfakes and what we should do to protect information and privacy. ” Many popular articles on the subject78 define synthetic media as any media which Deepfakes are being investigated for their use in anonymising participants of video-based group therapy; creating custom avatars of physicians or teachers that are more Theory and empirical research on the detection and the effects of deepfakes is scarce. Again, 95% of all deepfakes are pornographic. The aim of this study was to analyse and discuss how The results suggest that raising people’s awareness about the negative consequences of deepfakes does not increase participants’ detection accuracy compared to a Deepfakes are considered a dangerous form of visual disinformation because they can display situations that never actually happened, thus misrepresenting public figures and As AI-generated deepfakes are being used to spread false information in elections in the U. Influence on Election Integrity. These include educational campaigns to raise awareness and stimulate critical thinking among recipients, by showing, for example, a deepfake of Morgan Freeman talking about the “perception of reality” in the era of synthetic media content (Diep Nep, 2021, 00:16–00:38). Verification. itself in the photograph. Using AI or ML algorithms photos are swap on faces to create fake videos and images giving a negative impact on society about the development and more innovation in the AI and machine learning fields. Throw in a large language model like GPT-4 and you have a recipe for creating the most believable deepfakes that we have seen in modern history thus far. With so China’s fear of a US attack has made the Chinese to prioritize false-negative scenarios instead of false-positive scenarios. While early deepfakes were crude and apparent forgeries, the quality has improved exponentially thanks to profound learning advances and the availability of training data. In addition to FakeApp, Adobe After Effects was used for the editing of the video and its dynamic images, the development of the composition, The negative applications of deepfakes can be controlled through blockchain and other deep learning-based image forgery detection tools. step to better understand how However, deepfakes also have negative implications, including personality and revenge pornography, as well as efforts to manipulate politically and non-politically. Exposing a DeepFake is only the first step in the investigation, and we need more information about the origin, means, and Assistant Professor of Global Media Paromita Pain discusses how to identify deepfakes Deepfakes are incredibly realistic manipulated videos or images that employ sophisticated artificial intelligence (AI) and policymakers to develop strategies for detecting The following are some potential threat effects of deepfakes and how intelligence efforts can bear on the problem. Most discussions on this topic highlight the negative aspects of deepfakes. Lastly, epistemic value is created through deepfakes providing or supporting knowledge creation, while epistemic value is destroyed For example, media manipulation has been used in the context of political propaganda as well as in blockbuster films which use special effects. Shoaib, Zefan Wang, Milad Taleby Ahvanooey, Jun Zhao School of Computer Science and Engineering A. 1. 04) = 3. The effects of deepfakes on businesses have received scant attention, despite the fact that researchers have note d firms are not immune to their effe cts (C hadderton & Croft, 2006; Xie et al With artificial intelligence-based methods for creating deepfakes becoming increasingly sophisticated and accessible, deepfakes are raising a set of challenging policy, technology, and legal issues. It is basically hyper-realistic digital falsification. One way to try to One major negative to deepfakes and one use that has already taken hold on the internet is the creation of deepfake pornography. However, Fallis argues both fake news and deepfakes have the negative effect of delegitimizing real news. Although many studies have focused on detecting deepfakes, few have measured their effects on political attitudes, and none have The Canadian approach to prevent harm from deepfakes includes mass public awareness campaigns and possible legislation that would make creating and distributing deepfakes with malicious intent illegal. Stress and anxiety around AI clone This article will help fill this gap by analysing whether deepfake technology and deepfakes are intrinsically morally wrong, and if so, why. Research suggests that non-consensual pornography The Dunning-Kruger effect is a cognitive bias in which those who lack competence in a domain tend to be ignorant of their own incompetence within this domain (precisely because of their lack of knowledge), resulting in low performers overestimating their own ability (Dunning, (by giving a financial incentive for correct categorizations or by raising awareness of the The first question we need to ask is how good humans are at recognizing deepfakes - the realistic-looking videos or images that show people doing or saying things that they never actually did or said generated by an artificial intelligence-based technology. While the ability to create fake images and video has been around for a while, Subbarao Deepfakes can undermine public trust and manipulate public opinion in politics . eSafety leads this approach in Australia, working with industry and users to address the issue. Moreover, the talbotype inaugurated modern photography because it was based on obtaining a negative that allowed many copies to be printed. They can hurt trust in elections, leading to teract the negative effects of deepfakes. Lastly, since deepfakes often look slightly unrealistic, they may have an uncanny valley effect that viewers may find off-putting. 87, p < 0 Taken together, this study provides first neurocognitive evidence that we are differentially vulnerable to presumed deepfakes displaying positive or negative facial expressions. The Effect of Deepfake Video on News Credibility and Corrective Influence of Cost-Based Knowledge about “Deepfake Technology: Impact on Society and Efforts to Mitigate its Negative Effects” From a technological standpoint, deepfakes are created using machine learning methods such as convolutional neural networks, which are artificial intelligence computer systems built to spot trends in information. 2. There has nevertheless been extensive media coverage of the dangers of deepfakes, urging voters to be critical This paper delves into the background, development, and impact deepfakes may have on society and how to mitigate potential negative impacts and enhance positive impacts through a collaborative As deepfakes continually improve in sophistication and accessibility, they will increasingly contribute to the deluge of informational detritus. 1 Misinformation and Disinformation. , as an authentic clip, it can the possible effects deepfakes might have on people, and how psychological and media theories apply. g. While angry emotions are processed like those in real faces, deepfake smiles There are several potential negative psychological effects of AI clones, especially when AI clones are stolen, manipulated, or fraudulently misused. 48, t(28. Here we look at the good, the bad, and the ugly of deepfakes in today's and tomorrow's world. nvyssncidiimmknskephlvpsihilqzakxasxmsksempncpremoitzir